Articular Cartilage Injury
Cartilage (Chondral) Damage
Understanding Cartilage Injuries
Articular cartilage is the smooth, protective tissue that covers the ends of the bones within the knee joint, allowing movement to occur without friction. Damage to this cartilage can occur as an isolated injury but is often associated with ligament injuries or previous knee trauma.
In some cases, cartilage damage develops following injury to the meniscus. The meniscus plays a vital role in distributing weight evenly across the knee joint. When it becomes damaged or has been partially removed through previous surgery, increased pressure is placed on the cartilage surfaces. Over time, this excessive load can lead to accelerated cartilage wear, joint deterioration, and the early onset of osteoarthritis.
Early diagnosis and treatment are important to minimise further damage, relieve symptoms, and support the knee’s long-term health.
Symptoms of Cartilage Damage
Acute Cartilage Injury
Sudden cartilage injuries can produce a range of mechanical symptoms, including:
- Clicking or popping sensations
- Catching or locking of the knee
- Episodes of instability or giving way
- Pain during movement or weight-bearing activities
Cartilage often tears in a flap-like pattern, which can interfere with the smooth movement of the joint. More severe injuries may result in the cartilage separating from the underlying bone, exposing the bone surface and causing significant discomfort.
Chronic Cartilage Damage
Diagnosis
Accurate diagnosis is essential to determine the extent of cartilage damage and identify any associated knee injuries.
Assessment typically includes:
- A detailed clinical examination
- X-rays to evaluate joint structure and alignment
- MRI scans to assess cartilage quality and detect associated injuries
These investigations allow your specialist to develop a personalised treatment plan based on the severity and location of the injury.
Treatment Options
Treatment recommendations depend on several factors, including the size and location of the cartilage defect, symptom severity, activity levels, and overall joint health.
Non-Surgical Treatment
Smaller cartilage injuries that do not cause significant mechanical symptoms may respond well to conservative management, including:
- Physiotherapy and rehabilitation
- Strengthening exercises to improve knee stability
- Activity modification
- Pain management strategies
These approaches can help reduce symptoms and improve knee function without the need for surgery.
Surgical Treatment
When cartilage damage causes ongoing pain, locking, catching, or difficulty performing daily activities, surgical intervention may be recommended.
Minimally invasive arthroscopic (keyhole) surgery can be used to stabilise damaged cartilage and improve joint function. Depending on the nature of the injury, treatment options may include:
- Chondroplasty – smoothing and stabilising damaged cartilage
- Cartilage Repair Procedures – reattaching cartilage where possible
- Bone Marrow Stimulation Techniques – encouraging the body’s natural healing response
- Cartilage Regeneration and Scaffold Procedures – advanced treatments designed to stimulate the growth of new cartilage-like tissue
The most appropriate treatment will be determined following a comprehensive assessment by your orthopaedic specialist.
Seeking Expert Care
If you are experiencing persistent knee pain, locking, swelling, or instability, it is important to seek specialist assessment. Early intervention can help preserve cartilage health, improve knee function, and reduce the risk of long-term joint degeneration.